Christian Fundamentalist Movements in Africa: Characteristics – Models – Impact

Abstract:
 This study examines the phenomenon of Christian fundamentalist movements in sub-Saharan Africa, focusing on their intellectual foundations, theological and social characteristics, and key organizational models, while assessing their impact on religion, society, and politics. 
  It begins by defining Christian fundamentalism within its Western historical context and then traces its transmission to Africa through missionary activity and the rise of Protestant and Pentecostal churches since the nineteenth century. The study argues that African Christian fundamentalism is not a mere extension of Western theology; rather, it has evolved through the interaction with local cultures, producing hybrid religious expressions that combine scriptural literalism, charismatic leadership, and elements of African spiritual worldviews.
  The study highlights both non-violent evangelical movements and violent groups that justify the use of “sacred violence,” such as the “Lord Resistance Army” (LRA), which developed a syncretic religious–magical discourse and became associated with systematic violence against civilians. The findings reveal that Christian fundamentalism in Africa emerges from a complex interplay of factors, including the legacy of colonialism, weak state institutions, economic marginalization, and intense religious pluralism. These movements have played a significant role in reshaping state–society relations, contributing in some contexts to social welfare and spiritual renewal, while in others reinforcing polarization and cycles of conflict.
  The study concludes by emphasizing the need for analytical approaches that integrate religious, social, and political dimensions, and by calling for deeper engagement with local religious institutions in peacebuilding efforts and in understanding the ongoing transformations driven by charismatic Pentecostalism across the continent .