{"id":16385,"date":"2025-05-26T12:18:22","date_gmt":"2025-05-26T12:18:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/?p=16385"},"modified":"2025-05-26T12:18:22","modified_gmt":"2025-05-26T12:18:22","slug":"how-to-address-conflicts-caused-by-colonial-era-borders-in-africas-oceans","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/16385\/how-to-address-conflicts-caused-by-colonial-era-borders-in-africas-oceans\/","title":{"rendered":"How to address conflicts caused by colonial-era borders in Africa’s oceans"},"content":{"rendered":"

By Ifesinachi Okafor-Yarwood* <\/strong><\/em>
\n\u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0Elizabeth Nwarueze* as Contributor<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Africa has\u00a038 coastal and island<\/a>\u00a0nations. Their maritime industries \u2013 including energy, tourism, maritime transport, shipping and fishing \u2013 play a crucial role in developing these nations.<\/p>\n

Key to harnessing these resources are Africa\u2019s maritime boundaries \u2013\u00a0lines on a map<\/a>\u00a0showing the legal divisions of the ocean between neighbouring coastal states.<\/p>\n

Some of these boundaries were created by colonial powers and kept after independence. Their purpose was to achieve territorial security and ensure the exclusive exploitation of resources and to maintain navigational freedom.<\/p>\n

But Africa\u2019s maritime boundaries sometimes lead to conflict, prevent cooperation on resource management and\u00a0create<\/a>\u00a0room for maritime crimes, like illegal fishing. This is because they are often contested. Countries have overlapping claims and varying interests in resource exploration. This is common in maritime areas rich in oil, gas and fisheries, and deep seabed resources.<\/p>\n

In our\u00a0recent paper<\/a>\u00a0we found that using international law to resolve maritime boundaries does not always bring peace, especially when it results in ceding the disputed area to one party. It can result in animosity between countries and breed room for continued distrust among peoples.<\/p>\n

Today, Africa has\u00a0the most<\/a>\u00a0unresolved maritime boundary disputes in the world and\u00a0the lowest<\/a> number of settled boundary disputes.<\/p>\n

As more ocean resources are discovered, climate change may heighten disputes. Rising sea levels\u00a0can gradually submerge<\/a>\u00a0maritime zones, potentially affecting the baselines from which these zones are measured. This could create uncertainty or trigger new conflicts.<\/p>\n

In our paper, we suggest a collaborative approach to resolving maritime disputes. We hope that this will help prevent many African countries from missing out on the benefits of their oceans.<\/p>\n

Price of disputed boundaries<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Disagreements over maritime boundaries can have many negative effects.<\/p>\n

Research\u00a0has shown<\/a>\u00a0that criminal activities tend to increase in disputed maritime boundaries. For instance, illegal fishers are aware that because there is dispute over a border, there will also be enforcement gaps.<\/p>\n

Countries in dispute will also not work together and will not be sending patrols to contested areas. For instance, in\u00a02016<\/a>, a Chinese vessel escaped into Sierra Leone to avoid capture. When Guinean naval forces boarded the vessel for enforcement, there was an exchange of fire and 11 Guineans were detained by Sierra Leone.<\/p>\n

When boundaries are disputed, it also means that local fishers are likely to encroach into neighbouring waters, often unknowingly, in search of better catches. Given the\u00a0significance<\/a>\u00a0of fisheries to coastal livelihoods and the\u00a0extent<\/a>\u00a0of depletion, this threatens peace and security. It fuels tension between communities and countries over access to dwindling resources.<\/p>\n

Disagreements over maritime boundaries also diminish maritime security cooperation, complicate joint patrols, and divert attention from tackling shared threats such as piracy.<\/p>\n

Colonialism never ended<\/strong><\/h3>\n

Unfortunately, resolving maritime boundary disputes is complicated by a principle in international law known as\u00a0uti possidetis juris<\/em>\u00a0\u2013 \u201cas you possess under law\u201d.<\/p>\n

The principle says that when countries argue over borders, international law, built around colonial-era boundaries, is used to decide who gets what. This creates a \u201cwinner-takes-all\u201d approach \u2013 one side gains control over the disputed area and resources. International courts, like the International Court of Justice and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, follow the provisions of law reinforcing\u00a0uti possidetis<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Our examination of\u00a0maritime boundary disputes<\/a>\u00a0in west and central Africa found that the principle of\u00a0uti possidetis juris<\/em>\u00a0had failed to alleviate maritime boundary tensions. In some cases, it has exacerbated them.<\/p>\n

One example is a maritime dispute between\u00a0Cameroon and Nigeria<\/a>\u00a0decided in 2002. The dispute was over who had control of Bakassi, an oil-rich region, and its maritime frontier.<\/p>\n

The\u00a0uti possidetis juris<\/em>\u00a0principle upheld the lines drawn at the time of Nigeria\u2019s independence and resulted in the ceding of Bakassi to Cameroon. The impact of the resolution lingers. To date,\u00a0thousands of displaced Bakassi<\/a>\u00a0people that returned to Nigeria have yet to be resettled and reintegrated. Disputes also continue between fishers from Nigeria and Cameroonian law enforcement agents. In extreme cases, it results in death, like the alleged killing of\u00a097 Nigerian fishers<\/a>\u00a0by Cameroonian marine police.<\/p>\n

The way forward<\/strong><\/h3>\n

In our paper, we recommend that courts, tribunals or disputing countries consider\u00a0joint management agreements<\/a>\u00a0to resolve maritime disputes. Under such agreements, countries share and manage disputed maritime resources.<\/p>\n

These agreements will allow for the joint management of shared resources. It will also encourage cooperation and collaboration in other areas, such as joint operations to combat illegal fishing and piracy. While international courts may apply\u00a0uti possidetis juris<\/em>\u00a0as required by law, countries should be encouraged to negotiate special arrangements \u2013 such as joint development agreements \u2013 as part of the resolution process. Especially in cases where livelihoods and longstanding community ties risk being disrupted by unilateral decisions or the ceding of disputed areas to one party.<\/p>\n

While not perfect, this approach has already improved cooperation on security and resource use at sea. It has worked in places like\u00a0Nigeria, S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 and Pr\u00edncipe<\/a>,\u00a0Senegal and Guinea-Bissau<\/a>. Ghana and C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire also have a\u00a0joint management framework<\/a>\u00a0in place for their shared boundaries to avoid future disputes.<\/p>\n

Prolonged boundary disputes only enable criminal actors to exploit Africa\u2019s resources, undermining collective progress. A shift towards collaborative solutions is essential for achieving a sustainable and prosperous future for the continent.<\/p>\n

\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640<\/p>\n

* Lecturer in Sustainable Futures, University of St Andrews<\/em>
\n* DPhil in Law Candidate, University of Oxford<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

When boundaries are disputed, it also means that local fishers are likely to encroach into neighbouring waters, often unknowingly, in search of better catches. Given the\u00a0significance\u00a0of fisheries to coastal livelihoods and the\u00a0extent\u00a0of depletion, this threatens peace and security. It fuels tension between communities and countries over access to dwindling resources.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":16386,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":5,"jnews-multi-image_gallery":[],"jnews_single_post":{"format":"standard","override":[{"template":"1","parallax":"1","fullscreen":"1","layout":"right-sidebar","sidebar":"default-sidebar","second_sidebar":"default-sidebar","sticky_sidebar":"1","share_position":"top","share_float_style":"share-monocrhome","show_featured":"1","show_post_meta":"1","show_post_author_image":"1","show_post_date":"1","post_date_format":"default","post_date_format_custom":"Y\/m\/d","show_post_reading_time":"0","post_reading_time_wpm":"300","post_calculate_word_method":"str_word_count","show_zoom_button":"0","zoom_button_out_step":"2","zoom_button_in_step":"3","show_post_tag":"1","number_popup_post":"1","show_post_related":"1","show_inline_post_related":"1"}],"image_override":[{"single_post_thumbnail_size":"crop-500","single_post_gallery_size":"crop-500"}],"trending_post_position":"meta","trending_post_label":"Trending","sponsored_post_label":"Sponsored by","disable_ad":"0","subtitle":"","source_name":"The Conversation Africa","source_url":"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/colonial-era-borders-create-conflict-in-africas-oceans-how-to-resolve-them-248577"},"jnews_primary_category":[],"jnews_social_meta":[],"jnews_override_counter":{"view_counter_number":"0","share_counter_number":"0","like_counter_number":"0","dislike_counter_number":"0"},"footnotes":""},"categories":[35,1408],"tags":[4058,4057],"class_list":["post-16385","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ana-politics","category-security-analysis-reports","tag-africas-oceans","tag-colonial-era-borders"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16385","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=16385"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/16385\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/16386"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=16385"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=16385"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qiraatafrican.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=16385"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}